Biography of Bill Gates

History of Bill Gates Free Online Research Papers William (Bill) H. Doors III is fellow benefactor, administrator and CEO of Microsoft Organization, the universes driving supplier of programming for PCs. Bill Gates was conceived on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters experienced childhood in Seattle. Their dad, William H. Entryways II, is a Seattle lawyer. Mary Gates, their late mother, was a teacher, University of Washington official and administrator of United Way International. Doors went to open primary school before proceeding onward to the private Lakeside School in North Seattle. It was at Lakeside that Gates started his profession in PC programming, programming PCs at age 13. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a green bean, where he lived a few doors down from Steve Ballmer, who is currently Microsofts president. While at Harvard, Gates built up an adaptation of the programming language BASIC for the primary microcomputer the MITS Altair. Fundamental was first evolved by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s. In his lesser year, Gates dropped out of Harvard to commit his energies full-an ideal opportunity to Microsoft, an organization he had begun in 1975 with his childhood companion Paul Allen. Guided by a conviction that the PC would be a significant device on each office work area and in each home, they started creating programming for PCs. Entryways foreknowledge and vision with respect to individualized computing have been fundamental to the accomplishment of Microsoft and the product business. Entryways is effectively associated with key administration and vital choices at Microsoft, and assumes a significant job in the specialized advancement of new items. A lot of his time is given to meeting with clients and remaining in contact with Microsoft representatives around the globe through email. Under Gates initiative, Microsofts mission is ceaselessly to progress and improve programming innovation, and to make it simpler, more financially savvy and progressively charming for individuals to utilize PCs. The organization is focused on a drawn out view, which is reflected in its venture of some $2.6 billion for innovative work during the current monetary year. In 1995 Gates composed The Road Ahead, his vision of where data innovation will take society. Co-composed by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsofts boss innovation official, and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times smash hit list for seven weeks, and stayed on the rundown for an aggregate of 18 weeks. Distributed in excess of 20 nations, the book sold in excess of 400,000 duplicates in China alone. In 1996, while deliberately redeploying Microsoft to make the most of the developing open doors made by the Internet, Gates completely updated The Road Ahead to mirror his view that intuitive systems are a significant achievement in human correspondence. The soft cover second release likewise has become a success. Entryways is giving his returns from the book to a non-benefit finance that underpins instructors overall who are joining PCs into their study halls. Notwithstanding his energy for PCs, Gates is keen on biotechnology. He sits on the leading body of the ICOS Corporation and is an investor in Chiroscience Group of the United Kingdom and its entirely claimed auxiliary, Chiroscience RD Inc. (once in the past Darwin Molecular) of Bothell, Wash. He additionally established Corbis Corporation, which is creating probably the biggest asset of visual data on the planet an extensive computerized chronicle of craftsmanship and photography from open and private assortments around the world. Entryways additionally has contributed with cell phone pioneer Craig McCaw in Teledesic, an organization that is taking a shot at a yearning intend to dispatch many low-circle satellites around the Earth to give an overall two-way broadband media communications administration. In the a long time since Microsoft opened up to the world, Gates has given more than $800 million to good cause, including $200 million to the Gates Library Foundation to help libraries in North America exploit new advances and the Information Age. In 1994 Gates set up the William H. Doors Foundation, which underpins an assortment of activities quite compelling to Gates and his family. The focal point of Gates generosity is in four zones: training; world general wellbeing and populace; non-benefit, urban and expressions associations; and Puget Sound-zone capital battles. Bill and Melinda French Gates were hitched on January 1, 1994. They have one youngster, Jennifer Katharine Gates, who was conceived in 1996. Examination Papers on Biography of Bill GatesThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAW

"Critique on Rupert Murdoch's tweet and being a muslim in Article

Investigate on Rupert Murdoch's tweet and being a muslim in the european culture - Article Example Fear assaults have customarily been connected to Islamic fanaticism than some other religion on the planet. Since the dread assault on 9/11 in U.S, a great many people over the world have created islamaphobia with each ensuing fear assault, for example, the one coordinated to French Newspaper (Erlanger, and Bennhold, 2015). Be that as it may, Islam has been forced to bear baseless analysis since fear assaults have consistently been organized by a couple of fanatic gatherings and not the whole Islam people group. As indicated by U.S Congress connecting psychological oppression to Islam just energizes scorn and dread, which is an or more for the fear mongers (2007). Subsequently, Murdoch’s assumptions ought to be inspected in this light. To be sure, Islamic pioneers over the world have consistently censured several dread assaults. Moreover, there are various dread assaults previously sorted out and executed by non-Muslims. It tends to be contended that Murdoch’s tweet speaks to an outlook of numerous individuals across social settings. As indicated by him, Islam needs to convey the cross at whatever point any fear coordinated by Islamic radicalism occurs. While Islamic pioneers, for example, Olivier Roy have denounced dread assaults each time assaults occur (Erlanger, and Bennhold, 2015) , the whole Islamic people group has not taken a solid and dependable remain against fear based oppression. For example, Islamic pioneers have not been on the worldwide front line in financing against dread related associations and battles. The vast majority of the help Islam has given to against psychological oppression exercises has for the most part stayed verbal (Frost, 2008). From Murdoch’s point of view, Islam has an increasingly thorough activity to do with regards to battling fear based oppression. In any case, Murdoch has been profoundly scrutinized along with others who share his philosophy in regards to Islam and psychological warfare. It is apparently unimaginable for the whole Islam people group to battle

Karen A Short History

Karen A Short History Hi, Im Karen and like most other freshmen, Im still working on my time-management skills, which is why it took so long for me to finally get started on here. Unlike almost everyone else here, I dont have an anecdote about my first encounter with technology or science. Most of my childhood was spent reading books and books and more books, and I think thats what led me to see life the way I do: The world isnt just something you should get around to seeing once or twice when you get a vacation. Its a place you live in everyday, and even if you think you live in the smallest, most boring town in the world, there are adventures around every corner (or cornfield, in some cases. Like mine. Im from Illinois, remember? Well, actually I didnt live far from Chicago, so it wasnt as bad as Im making it out to be, but it had a nice ring to it.) Youll have to get used to my parenthetical digressions if youre going to be reading this. Im warning you now. With this in mind (the world, not parenthetical digressions), I spent a year abroad as an exchange student in Taiwan the year after high school. I applied to MIT my senior year, deferred admission (gasp!) and spent the better part of a year not always understanding what people said to me, but having fun anyway. Ill talk about this more in-depth in another entry, but the point is that it was a critical year, because A) when I came back, I felt that I had had enough time to really think about what I wanted to do, and B) I forgot all the math I ever learned. As a side note, I thought that when I came back to the US, itd be a relief to finally understand everything people said, but here I am, at MIT, not always understanding what people say, but having fun anyway Anyway, I had a lot of time to think about ways to spend my life that wouldnt turn my hair gray before I was forty, wouldnt trap me in an office or a lab, would help me do my part to help the world, and allow me to have fun at the same time. Surprisingly enough, I actually came up with something. How about that. Ill probably major in Urban Planning and Design and minor in International Relations. I also plan to spend a lot of time here learning as many languages as possible (possibly even a programming one, so I can communicate with Course 6-ers as well as with the rest of the world). Reading Anthonys blog, you might guess that I want to spend my life designing public transportation systems because we have the same major and minor and were both studying French. But actually, were on completely different tracks (Hah! Get it? Tracks? Like trains). My dream is to spend my life improving conditions in under-developed countries. And not just because its, like, a good thing to do, but because Ill get tons of opportunities to travel and see other cultures and maybe even some wild animals. It all sounds really fantastic to me. But for now, Im still just a freshman without any official major declaration. I still have GIRs to get through. I still have people to meet, and I still need to learn how to cook, and I still have new music to discover, and I still have a room (a single) in Senior House to paint, and I still have a lot of things to learn about the world. I hope you enjoy reading about them. [Also, for those of you at MIT, the Muslim Student Association is hosting a Fast-a-thon on the 27th. The event is not religiously affiliated, its just for charity businesses will donate to certain organization per person that pledges not to eat on Thursday. Go here to sign up or to read more about it. Its only a day. No, seriously. Do it. Whats stopping you? Go!]

Argumentative Essay On Forbidden Love - 776 Words

Forbidden Love â€Å"The Iranian government sees trans and homosexual individuals as people with psychosexual problems, and so provide them with a medical solution†(Neha Thirani Bagri, An Uncomfortable Truth, qz). People around the world do not get the rights they deserve because the government influences and limits peoples actions. Nobody should be living in fear, feel held back, or discriminated against because of their sex, race, religion or sexual orientation. Everyone should be given the right of protection, be treated with respect, and not have to live in fear because of who they are. Sahar is a young impressionable girl living in the country of Iran. Sahar is put in tough situations because of prejudice people and their beliefs. Iran†¦show more content†¦Constantly living in fear is not the right way to live. Sahar explains how they  ¨Were always so careful, we hear a knock at the door and the two of us jump away from each other. ¨(Farizan 14) Under the circumstances Saha r and Nasrin have to make sure they do not accidentally share their secret. Even their own families can turn them into the police. The laws of Iran make Shahar go through unnecessary challenges and she is forced to make life changing decisions. While Sahar is changing from a girl to a women she begins to notice what limitations there are on herself. Beginning to notice she needs to stand up for herself, Sahar wants to retaliate against her country. Sahar begins to rant about how â€Å"The country is flourishing under control of Shah. I’m not sure how much I believe that† (Farizan 13). Sahar believes the country is deteriorating under the control of their new leader. Sahar wants to be a free woman and be able to have basic human rights. Having the sex changing surgery will prove that she can defy the government’s rules. Conflicted with wanting to be with her love and loving herself, Sahar exclaims â€Å"Its my body my life, and my love and will do with all of it what I can† (Farizan 105). She wants to defy the government with the loop whole of the surgery but in reality she does not want to become a man. She yells this to her cousin because she wants to tell him that it is her decision and only he r decision.Show MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?977 Words   |  4 PagesArgumentative Essay: Euthanasia Euthanasia is acknowledged as the practice of intentionally ending a life which liberates an individual from an incurable illness or unbearable misery. Euthanasia is known as mercy killing, perceived as an easy and painless death. Euthanasia is done from the request of a dying patient or that person’s legal representative. This is known as Voluntary Euthanasia. Not undertaking something to prevent or avoid someone’s death is recognised as passive or negative EuthanasiaRead MoreVera Drake1367 Words   |  6 Pagespreaching the audiences. It actually dramatically portrays the importance of family and faith within people. The film successfully reveals all themes with directors improvisation technique and the role of leading female character in the film. In this essay, there are discussions about the conflictions and themes as well as the filming of director and the main characters since by combining these together the film become one of the best British film. According to Mike Leigh, the movie is about theRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Rhetorical Analysis1639 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Declaration of Independence† Rhetorical Analysis Essay Composed by Thomas Jefferson and the representatives in the general congress on the historic date of July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was an expeditious response to the many acts legalized by the British Parliament prohibiting the colonists’ freedom, and a dismissal of a partition to the King by the First Continental Congress. Not only did it oppose British acts of tyranny, but it was also an incentive for many other universalRead MoreEssay Writing7014 Words   |  29 Pagesfor in narrative essay writing I am assuming that the student is able to construct basic sentence and grammar structure (past amp; present tense etc.). If the student is unable to do so, he/she is in no condition to attempt essay writing. Please sign the student for basic language/ grammar classes instead. There is a limit to how much advice I can offer via text. So I will just offer two key points. 1. ESSAY FLOW 2. CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS / FEELINGS * 1. Essay Flow Essay flow means no breakRead MoreFlowers for Algernon6322 Words   |  26 Pagesrelevant notes they compiled while reading and answering the text-dependent questions. Once students have completed the graphic organizer, have them rank evidence in significance to evaluate which points are the most significant to include in the essay. Rank Proof | EvidenceQuote or paraphrase | Page number | Elaboration / explanation of how this evidence supports ideas or argument | 7 | â€Å"I feel sick inside. Not sick like for a doctor, but my chest it feels empty like getting punched and a heartburnRead MoreFounding Brothers9626 Words   |  39 Pagesmost respected patriot in the US. Franklins signature forced Congress to take the letter very seriously and they devoted the entire day to its debate. Never before was there a public debate on slavery. The South claimed that Congress was forbidden to talk about slavery in public, not to mention legislate about it. They didnt even want the petition read aloud. Thomas Scott of Pennsylvania started the debate by conceding that the Constitution did not allow Congress to stop slave tradeRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesBy the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMINDRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesillustrated the meaning and use of words; the great majority of the examples are due to him. Their merit is that they are not translations from English, but natural Igbo sentences elicited only by the stimulus of the word they illustrate. The short essays which appear from time to time (e.g. under otà ¹tà ¹, à ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¤gbanÌ„je) on aspects of culture are also his work, as are the sketches which served as basis for the illustrations, a large number of new words, and various features of the arrangement. When he hadRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBookMasters for her expert assistance with this edition. Finally, and most importantly, we express appreciation to our families for their ongoing patience and support, which is reflected in their willingness to share their time with this competing â€Å"labor of love† and to forgive our own gaps between common sense and common practice. David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron PREFACE xxi This page intentionally left blank MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   The Critical Role of Management SkillsRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesproportionate to levels of demand and use, and to provide access to resources outside the library system,† and in the current statement it is to â€Å" provide innovative, quality services responding to the needs of our diverse community as we: Promote the love of reading; Excel at providing resources to customers of all ages; and Create welcoming spaces for our community.†7 To ensure that a library or information center continues to respond appropriately to the changing environment, it should be obvious

Heracles - The Man of the Hour - 979 Words

Heroes are found in fiction from every place on earth, they differ in many aspects, but key elements transcend through stories. These elements are instrumental in differentiating between a hero and a legend. The Greeks had many legends, but few were truly considered heroes. The most famous heroes were Achilles, Odysseus, Jason, and Theseus. However, the greatest legacy has been left by Heracles, the son of Zeus, but Heracles is indeed more than a legend, he is a hero. Heracles willingly risks his life to preform heroic acts, has a destiny which is set in stone from birth, and crosses several thresholds through his heroic journeys. Heracles’s life is at risk in his numerous acts as a hero, but no matter the strife, Heracles is willing. This willingness to do heroic acts, causes Heracles to fall in Carl Jung’s definition of a willing hero, which ultimately reinforces that is a hero. Heracles is willing to do twelve potentially fatal labours ( he is told to do by the Oracle Delphi), in order to repent for killing his children and wife. When Heracles arrives at the Kingdom of Mycenae, he willfully tells Lord Eurystheus â€Å" twelve labours, you are to set to me.† (Lottridge Dickiie, 89). This means that Heracles compliantly takes it upon himself to do these twelve labours, illustrating he is a willing hero. Another instance, where Heracles was willing to preform a heroic deed, was when â€Å"[he] bravely killed the sea monster terrorizing Troy, by allowing himself to be swallowedShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle between Hercules and Hera Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesMycenae. Hera, because she was jealous, persuaded the goddess of childbirth, to hold back Alcmenas delivery, and made it that Eurystheus, also a descendant of Perseus, is going to be arrived already seven months old. Heracles lost the throne of Mycenae because of this. Heracles was eight months old when, Hera, wanting him to die, sent two serpents to him. But with his strength he killed them with his bare hands (Hercules 1) Herculess family is from Argos, since his mother was Alcmene, daughterRead MoreImmortals of Greek mythology6763 Words   |  28 Pagesbrother of Artemis. As brother and sister, they were identified with the sun and moon; both use a bow and arrow. In the earliest myths, Apollo contends with his half-brother Hermes. In sculpture, Apollo was depicted as a very handsome, beardless young man with long hair and an ideal physique. As the embodiment of perfectionism, he could be cruel and destructive, and his love affairs were rarely happy. His attributes include the laurel wreath and lyre. He often appears in the company of the Muses. AnimalsRead MoreGreek Mythology : Ancient Mythology1630 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant as the god Zeus. He frequently was escorted by a host of whimsical gods, including satyrs, centaurs, and nymphs. Satyrs existed as creatures with legs of a goat and an upper body of a monkey or human. Centaurs had both a head and torso of a man, and the body to a horse. Wh ile Delphi is holy site devoted solemnly to the god to Apollo. A temple built at Delphi held an oracle, prophet, whom courageous voyagers questioned about their futures. A collection of priests signified the holy sites. TheseRead More Penelope and Alcestis as Ideal Greek Females Essay examples1837 Words   |  8 Pagesthis while maintaining the surface appearance of feminine obedience. Penelope is not directly subversive; however, she manages to incorporate the characteristics of the sophronein (good wife)5 into a role more nearly resembling that of the saophron man. Penelopes faithfulness (undermined by the suggestion of eroticism in her dream of the geese) is above all strategic. If taken at face value, it is easy to see how her behavior could be construed as conforming to the Greeks notion of the sophronRead More Use of Symbols in Yeatss Work, A Vision Essay3300 Words   |  14 Pagesfounded upon the belief that the ultimate reality, symbolized by the sphere, falls in human con sciousness... into a series of antinomies (Vision p. 187). The Byzantium poems are a prime example of the antinomies at work in the individual mind of man. In many of his poems, Yeats idealizes Byzantium, as a symbol of unity in spiritual and everyday life. He writes I think that in early Byzantium, maybe never before or since in recorded history, religious, aesthetic and practical life were one,Read MoreThe City Of New York2083 Words   |  9 Pagessecretaries and Mondays, when his intercom buzzed, â€Å"Mr.Hermes, a man is here to see you. He claims to be a relative.† Hermes frowned and hit his button, â€Å"What’s his name; Zeus? Poseidon?† Again, the speaker beeped, â€Å"No, it’s a Mr. Kronos, Titan L. Kronos.† Fear flared in Hermes’ eyes. He turned and jumped out his window. He fell 10 floors and rolled on the pavement.This shocked several bystanders, but this didn’t matter, because the man Hermes had feared all his life stepped out of the Fedex buildingRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Ancient Greeks2537 Words   |  11 Pageslyre within seconds after he was born. His mother, Maia gave birth to him in a cave on the Mount Cyllene in Arcadia and he was nursed by the nymph Cyllene. The precious baby, became very loved and respected by all the gods in the Mount Olympus. Like Heracles, Hermes showed his abilities as a god really fast, when he escaped from the cave he was born and invented the lyre. He develop a plan as soon as he saw a turtle when he was wandering from the cave. His imagination got expanded when he saw the turtle

Concept Comparison and Analysis Free Essays

Concept Comparison and Analysis Jessica Watts NUR 513 July 2nd, 2012 Coleen Lucas Concept Comparison and Analysis Core concepts are the basis for a theory or model; concepts help in the development of theories. Theorists have developed different models or  theories but have common core concepts. This paper will identify the core concept of ‘the role of nursing,’ which two theorists, Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson both utilized. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Comparison and Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will compare and  analyze the concept definitions among both theorists, and discuss the practical use of Orem’s self care theory. Core Concept The core concept of ‘The role of nursing’ was used in both Dorothea Orem’s self care model and in Virginia Henderson’s nursing care model. Dorothea Orem’s definition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 4). Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing is â€Å"assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery† (Timetoast, 2011). Their theories in relation to the concept differ where Orem’s concept requires the patient to have a self deficit and in need of nursing care or support; while Henderson’s concept states that nursing is required regardless if the patient is sick or healthy. The concepts are also similar in the fact that they both support the patient is regaining optimal health. Their concepts are applicable in different nursing settings because the goals of each are the same. Orem’s Self Care Theory—Metaparadigms Within Orem’s self care theory, there are five metaparadigms: nursing, health, environment, human being, and nursing client. Orem views nursing as an art, a helping service, and a technology. Orem’s definition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 3). Orem encompasses the patient’s, the physician’s, and the nurse’s perspective of the patient’s health condition. Her goal of nursing is to make the patient and members of the patient’s family capable of meeting the patient’s self care needs, maintain an optimal state of health, to regain previous state of health after an illness or disease, and to decrease the effects of a chronic illness. Orem uses the terms ‘health’ and ‘healthy’ to describe living things ; â€Å"it is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound, in conjunction, with physiological and psycho-physiological mechanisms and a material structure in relation to and interacting with other human beings† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. ). Orem’s environment is the elements, conditions, and components within the environment. According to Orem a human being â€Å"has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and use symbols; a unity that can function biologically, symbolically, and socially† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 5). A nursing client is a human being who has heal th related or derived issues that cause them to be incapable of continuous and complete self care; they are the focus, only when their self care needs exceed their self care capabilities. Theory of Self Care Orem’s definition of self care is the â€Å"practice of activities that the individual initiates and performs on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well being† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 12). The human ability to engage in self care is determined by age, developmental state, life experience, social and cultural orientation, health, and available resources. Orem describes three self care requisites; universal self care requisites, developmental self care requisites, and health deviation of self care; all are directed towards the provision of self care. Universal self care requisites are the maintenance, provision, balance, prevention, and promotion of human functioning. â€Å"Developmental self care requisites are associated with developmental processes derived from a condition or associated with an event† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 14), for example adjusting to a new job or adjusting to bodily changes, such as menopause. Health deviation self care is required in conditions of illness, disease, or injury. Health deviation is seeking, securing, modifying, learning, and effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures. Theory of Self Care Deficit Orem’s theory of self care deficit specifies when nursing is needed. â€Å"Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 16). Orem’s created five methods of helping; which are acting for and doing for others, guiding others, supporting one another, providing an environment that promotes personal development, and teaching one another. Theory of Nursing Systems Orem describes how the patients self care needs will be meet by the nurse, patient, or both in her theory of nursing systems. The design and elements of a nursing system defines the scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations, defines general and specific roles of nurses and patients, and defines reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17). Orem recognized that members of the health profession usually develop specialized technologies. â€Å"A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavors, with or without use of materials or instruments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17). Concept of Orem’s Theory Orem interrelates concepts in such a way, that it creates a different perspective of a particular phenomenon. Orem’s theory is logical, simple, and generalizable; and is a basis to test hypotheses. â€Å"It contributes to and assists in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 21). According to Orem, her theory in Current Nursing, 2010, can be used by practitioners to guide and improve their practice and it must be consistent with other validated theories, principles, and laws. Major Assumptions, Strengths, and Limitations According to Current Nursing, 2010; some major assumptions of Orem’s theory are: people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and their family; people are distinct individuals; nursing is a form of action and interaction between two or more people; successfully meeting universal and developmental self care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention; knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self care behaviors; and self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio- cultural context. Some strengths to Orem’s theory, according to Current Nursing, 2010; are: it provides a comprehensive base to nursing practice; it has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice, education, administration, and research; specifies when nursing is needed; and Orem’s self care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance today. As with any theory there are always limitations to its use; Orem’s theory’s major limitation is that her theory is illness oriented and only calls for nursing care when there is an illness present. Global health care needs, as identified by clinicians or patients/consumers, are addressed through the generation of research evidence that is effective, but also feasible, appropriate and meaningful to specific populations, cultures and settings† (The Joanna Briggs Institute, 2011). Concepts are the bases for a theory or model and aide the development of theories. The com mon concept discussed in this paper was the role of nursing, which is common and essential to Orem and Henderson’s theory. Orem believed that a patient needed to have a self deficit for nursing care while Henderson believed in nursing care whether the patient was healthy or ill. While each theorist had different definitions of the role of nursing, both had the same concept of nursing care. â€Å"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles† (Definition of Nursing, 2010). Orem’s self care model demonstrated the role of nursing in caring for an individual with a self care deficit and/or illness. Nursing interventions help individuals regain optimal health and well-being. References Current Nursing. (2010). Dorothea Orem’s Theory. Retrieved from http://currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory. html Definition of Nursing. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. icn. ch/about-icn/icn-definition-of-nursing/ Timetoast. (2011). Breif history of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www. timetoast. com/timelines/22792 The Joanna Briggs Institute . (2011). Retrieved from http://www. joannabriggs. edu. au/JBI%20Approach How to cite Concept Comparison and Analysis, Essay examples

Intolerance in pakistan free essay sample

Pakistan is a developing country and a sovereign, Islamic republic as well as an Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and colonial secular laws. The Constitution of Pakistan provides for fundamental rights, which include freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of religion, freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and the right to bear arms. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a moderate secular state blended with some Islamic values and principles. Nevertheless, Pakistans status as an Islamic Republic should not be confused or compared with other Islamic Republics in the region, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unlike Iran, Pakistan is not a theocracy, but rather an Islamic democracy. Elections in Pakistan regularly take place on time and are mostly free and fair. Most of Pakistans laws are secular in nature, most of which were inherited from the United Kingdoms colonial rule of modern-day Pakistan before 1947. In recent times, there has been increasing pressure on Pakistan to amend or replace some of its outdated laws made during the time of the British Empire. Unfortunately, human societies are not inherently tolerant. Indeed, small hunter- gatherer and even early agrarian communities were not even diverse. Thus tolerance was not always a human reaction to the outsider, the ‘Other’. It was a virtue which grew as civilization became more complex because of war, trade and migration. This ‘tolerance’ was contingent upon the acceptance of the predominance of the politically ascendant group. It was probably an outcome of security rather than insecurity. A besieged civilization is generally a paranoid civilization looking for enemies within and without to blame for failures Intolerance Intolerance can be defined as unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from ones own. Unfortunately intolerance is growing day by day in Pakistani society and its consequences are very severe. It is the root cause of many other social evils. We will analyze the major types of intolerance prevailing in our society , there consequences and then will discuss how intolerance can be minimized. Religious intolerance in Pakistan Soon after its independence in 1947 Pakistan faced many problems. The first calamity that struck this country was the demise of its founder Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the vacuum which was created after Jinnah’s death could not be filled; it caused many problems for the new born state particularly about the future of Pakistan. Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a state where people from all religion, cast or creed will be treated equally, and their religious beliefs will have nothing to do with the business of the state, which he cited in his illustrious presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947. However, not all the people were thinking similar to Jinnah, as they had their own aims. A majority in this category was the religious fanatic class, who at first opposed Pakistan movement but later after the creation of Pakistan they became part of it, but that was not all, the newly born state of Pakistan seemed like a good opportunity to these religious opportunists class to propagate and bolster their own agenda under the umbrella of religion because bulk of the masses of this country were unaware of the consequences of blind following these clerics, and these people of Pakistan were a bull’s-eye of religious blackmailing. With the passage of time Jinnah’s idea of a Muslim state was overshadowed by the pattern of the state propagated by clergyman. The onset of cold war and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan gave a threshold to Mullahism in Pakistan. That time military dictator General Zia ul Haq assured his full support to the extremist religious organizations inside Pa kistan for the purpose of â€Å"Jihad† against Soviets in Afghanistan. During his tenure the recruitment of Jihadis from all over the Pakistan and their training through the platform of these religious organizations (in collaboration with CIA) gained peak, thus strengthening extremism roots in our society. However, after Zia the failure of other civilian governments to control these radical religious groups led to an atrocious situation. As an aftermath of past governments unconditional support to these religious organizations today Pakistan is suffering from religious extremism and intolerance more than ever, the sectarian violence in this country is at its peak, killings of sectarian leaders for the purpose of gaining more influence over the other sect is a common practice these days. Pakistan has  seen an unprecedented rise in religious intolerance since last five years, from the assassination of Governor Punjab alleged of blasphemy to the present day case of a 13 year old Christian school going girl, who was accused of blasphemy only because she misspelled the Urdu word â€Å"Naat† which looked like the word â€Å"Lanat† after being misspelled in her class test. The girl was expelled from the school by the principal on the complaint of her teacher, who should have known that a 13 year old young kid can make such types of mistakes unintentionally. Moreover, her prosecution was demanded by local Mul las and they waged protests to file a case against the young girl accusing her of blasphemy. These events draw the horrible picture of our society which shows that how acutely the Mullaism and religious intolerance has settled itself in to Jinnah’s Pakistan. Islam is a religion of peace and love it preaches the respect and welfare of Humanity, rather than killings and prosecution of non-Muslims just because of the reason that they live in a Muslim state and they differ from us in their beliefs, so their any unintentional action is portrayed as blasphemy, which is considered as solid evidence to kill them. The recent brutal killings of people from Shiite sect in Quetta is another horrifying example of religious intolerance. The rising negative role of religious extremists is acting as a pandemic in our society; these people have narrow minds, radical beliefs and sectarian agendas which are only in their own favour and are largely harmful to our society. The growing activism of such organizations are alarming which can be seen quite often in variety of fields particularly in educational institutions where religious and so called â€Å"student organizations† are actively working. In the public sector universities they have strong hold from where a large number of recruitments take place. Students who are suppose to study are playing in hands of these organizations by wasting their time, money and carriers after being trapped by these people as a member of some religious student organization. They are indoctrinated and then used for the implementation of their organizational agenda either through protests, strikes or even by use of violence all in the name of Islam. Pakistan is a country where quality education is rare; people are used to of blind following and there is a great dearth of awareness among people about misuse of religion. It is the need of the hour that as an individual and as well as a society we shall raise awareness among people against such propagandas and for the welfare of our country by using all possible means, we need to claim back the Jinnah’s Pakistan which endorses tolerance, peace, love and equality rather than a country plagued by intolerance, hatred, sectarianism and fanatic mentality indoctrinated by those who have already hijacked the ideal state of Pakistan and camouflaged themselves as religious shepherd. It is up to Pakistanis to decide how much or how little religious tolerance may prevail in the society. Will Pakistan continue to be a country where Sikhs are prevented from praying, Ahmadis and Shias are slaughtered in and en-route to places of worship, where shrines of patron saints are destroyed by sui cide bombers, or where foreign aid workers are abducted for ransom. Or will it be a country where religious pluralism, as was envisioned by Jinnah, Pakistan’s founding father, would flourish? Intolerance Breeds hatred Every society consists of various groups following different faiths, ideologies, sectarian beliefs and social and political adherences. In some cases, there is a majority which dominates the society and makes attempts, either by force or by persuasion, to integrate these different groups into its fold. In such a scenario the majority believes that only by uniting all groups can society grow strong and defend itself from internal and external dangers. This creates conflict and instead of uniting, the society further fragments and breaks into pieces. This is what is called tyranny of the majority and its intolerance toward differences and diverse opinions. In other cases the majority makes efforts to understand the existence of different groups in its fold; it adopts the policy of tolerance and allows them to express their views freely. The outcome of both policies are quite different. In case of tolerance, creativity flourishes and blossoms. Finding no discrimination or prejudices, art, literature, music and other expressions of culture are produced which  transform it into a progressive and multicultural society. In case of intolerance, the elements of creativity are strangled and minority groups, feeling insecure and deprived, fail to contribute socially, politically, and economically. We have the example of the Jews in the Western society. As long as they were persecuted, their contribution to Western civilisation was limited to trade and commerce. When the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizens was passed after the French Revolution, the Jews were also granted equal rights. When Napoleon conquered Germany, he also liberated the Jews who were forced to reside in ghettos and were not allowed any commercial activities outside the ghettos. Once they were free, they emerged as the most creative group who contributed not only in trade and commerce but also in art and literature, philosophy, and science. Nazi Germany suffered intellectually and culturally as a result of its anti-Jew policy. Most of the leading Jews left Germany and settled in different European countries or the USA. Germany was deprived of their talents and their adopted countries benefited from their presence. History shows that those countries which followed the policy of intolerance suffered economically, socially and culturally. When the Arabs conquered Spain, which they called al-Andalus, they formed a multi-religious and multi-cultural society consisting of Muslims, Jews and Christians. This created a sophisticated society based on an enlightened philosophy that richly contributed to art and architecture. The vast store of Greek learning reached the West via Arab translation. There was no persecution of Christians. However, all this changed when in 1492 the combined forces of Castilian and Aragon defeated the last Moorish kingdom of Granada and expelled the Muslims and the Jews. They were given the option to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. Thus followed a trail of tears. The Jews left and made efforts to settle in European countries where they were constantly harassed and terrorised. The Muslims settled in North African Muslim states and some of them became  pirates to take revenge against the Europeans by plundering their trading ships. Those who converted were harassed by the Inquisition and tried on mere suspicion of following their old religion. It changed the whole cultural fabric of Spain. Although it became a part of the Holy Roman empire it slowly lost its cultural vitality and became backward.

Hel Essay Research Paper pepsico By deepmer free essay sample

Hel Essay, Research Paper pepsico By: deepmer Electronic mail: deepmer @ hotmail.com 1. Introduction: 1 What is PEPSICO? 1 Brief History of PEPSICO 1 Business Segments 1 Frito-Lay 1 Pepsi-Cola Company 2 Tropicana 3 2. Company Analysis: 4 External Analysis 4 PEST Analysis: 4 Porter? s Diamond: 5 Five Forces 8 Internal Analysis 9 Porter? s Value Chain 9 Boston Consulting Group 12 Financial Analysis 13 SWOT 14 Strength 14 Weakness 14 Opportunities 14 Menaces 15 3. Decisions 15 Marketing 15 General 15 4. Recommendations 16 Bibliography 17 Appendix 17 Appendix I 17 Appendix II 17 Appendix III 17 Appendix IV 17 Appendix V 17 Appendix VI 17 1. Introduction: What is PEPSICO? PepsiCo is one of the most successful drink and bite nutrient concern in the universe. The company consist of: Frito Lay Co. , Pepsi-Cola Co. , and Tropicana Products. Brief History of PEPSICO PepsiCo was funded in 1965 by Donald M. Kendall Pepsi-Cola president, and Herman W. Lay, president of Frito-Lay. Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, N.C. druggist, created pepsi-Cola in 1890. Frito-Lay, Inc. was formed by t he 1961 amalgamation of the Frito Company, founded by Elmer Doolin in 1932, and the H. We will write a custom essay sample on Hel Essay Research Paper pepsico By deepmer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page W. Lay Company, founded by Herman W. Lay, besides in 1932. In 1998 PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products from Seagram Company Ltd. Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. Business Sections Frito-Lay Frito-Lay, Inc was funded in 1961, by unifying of The Frito Company and H.W. Lay Company. Today, Frito-Lay brands history for 40 % of the universe, snack bit industry, and 56 % of the U.S. industry. Often, Frito-Lay Company merchandises are known by local names ( Matutano in Spain, Walkers in the United Kingdom and others. ) Major Frito-Lay Company merchandises: # 8211 ; Lay # 8217 ; s Potato Chips # 8211 ; Baked Lay # 8217 ; s Potato Chips # 8211 ; Ruffles Potato Chips # 8211 ; Doritos Tortilla Chips # 8211 ; Tostitos Tortilla Chips # 8211 ; Baked Tostitos # 8211 ; Santitas Tortilla Chips # 8211 ; Fritos Corn Chips # 8211 ; Cheetos Cheese Flavoured Snacks # 8211 ; Rold Gold Pretzels # 8211 ; Funyons Onion Flavoured Rings # 8211 ; Sun french friess Multigrain Snacks # 8211 ; Cracker Jacks # 8211 ; Chester # 8217 ; s Popcorn # 8211 ; Grandma # 8217 ; s Cookies # 8211 ; Munchos Potato Chips # 8211 ; Smart nutrient Popcorn # 8211 ; Baken-ets Fried Pork Skins # 8211 ; Frito-Lay Dips A ; Salsa # 8211 ; Sabritas Potato Chips # 8211 ; 3D # 8217 ; s # 8211 ; Smiths Potato Crisps # 8211 ; Walkers Potato Crisps Pepsi-Cola Company Caleb Bradham founded pepsi-Cola in 1890. Brand Pepsi and other Pepsi-Cola merchandises account for about tierce of entire soft drink gross revenues in the United States, a consumer market numbering about $ 58 billion. Outside the United States, Pepsi-Cola drinks are available in approximately 160 states. Today Pepsi-Cola merchandises account for about a one-fourth of all soft drinks sold internationally. The company has besides established operations in the emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia, where Pepsi-Cola was the first U.S. consumer merchandise to be marketed. Pepsi-Cola prov ides advertisement, selling, gross revenues and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and nutrient service clients. This includes some of the universe # 8217 ; s best and most recognized advertisement. New advertisement and exciting publicities maintain Pepsi-Cola trade names immature. Pepsi-Cola Company merchandises: # 8211 ; Pepsi-Cola # 8211 ; Diet Pepsi # 8211 ; Pepsi One # 8211 ; Mountain Dew # 8211 ; Slice # 8211 ; Mug Root Beer # 8211 ; Mug Cr? me # 8211 ; All Sport # 8211 ; Lipton Teas ( Partnership ) # 8211 ; Aquafina Water # 8211 ; Frappuccino Coffee Drink # 8211 ; Mirinda # 8211 ; 7UP ( outside the U.S. merely ) # 8211 ; Fruit Works # 8211 ; Pepsi Max Tropicana Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. The company entered the dressed ore orange juice concern in 1949, registering Tropicana as a hallmark. In 1954 Rossi pioneered a pasteurization procedure for orange juice. For the first clip, consumers could bask the gustatory sensation of pure not-from- concentrate 100 % Florida orange juice in a ready-to-serve bundle. The company went public in 1957, was purchased by Beatrice Foods Co. in 1978, acquired by Kohlberg Kravis A ; Roberts in 1986 and sold to The Seagram Company Ltd. in 1988. Seagram purchased the Dole planetary juice concern in 1995. PepsiCo acquired Tropicana, including the Dole juice concern, in August 1998. Today, Tropicana is the universe # 8217 ; s largest seller and manufacturer of branded juices with merchandises available in 50 states worldwide. Tropicana merchandises: # 8211 ; Tropicana Pure Premium # 8211 ; Tropicana Season # 8217 ; s Best # 8211 ; Dole Juices # 8211 ; Tropicana Twister. # 8211 ; Hitchcock # 8211 ; Looza # 8211 ; Copella. 2. Company Analysis: External Analysis PEST Analysis: The Pest Analysis identifies the political, economical, societal a technological influences on an organisation. Political influences: # 8211 ; The production distribution and usage of many of PepsiCo merchandis e are capable to assorted federal Torahs, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. # 8211 ; The concerns are besides capable to province, local and foreign Torahs. # 8211 ; The international concerns are capable to the Government stableness in the states where PepsiCo is seeking acquire into ( developing markets ) . # 8211 ; The federal, province, local and foreign environmental Torahs and ordinances. # 8211 ; The concerns are besides capable to de revenue enhancement policy in each state they are runing. # 8211 ; They besides have to follow with federal, province, local and foreign environmental Torahs and ordinances. Economic influences: # 8211 ; The companies are capable to the crop of the natural stuff that they use in their bite nutrients, soft drink and juice, like maize, oranges, Citrus paradisi, veggies, murphies, etc. # 8211 ; Because of they rely on trucks to travel and administer many of the ir merchandises, fuel is besides an of import topic, so they are capable to the fuel award fluctuation, and to possible fuel crisis. # 8211 ; Operating in International Markets involves exposure to volatile motions in foreign exchange rates. The economic impact of foreign exchange rates motions on them is complex because such alterations are frequently linked to variableness in existent growing, rising prices, involvement rates, governmental actions and other factors. # 8211 ; PepsiCo is besides capable to other economical factors like money supply, energy handiness and cost, concern rhythms, etc. Sociocultural influences: # 8211 ; PepsiCo and furthermore Pepsi is capable to the lifestyle alterations, because of it bases her advertisement runs in a concrete sort of people with an particular life style, it is for that PepsiCo has to pay a particular attending on the lifestyle alterations. # 8211 ; Particularly in the United States Pepsi drinkers are really defined, there is a sor t of people who drinks Pepsi another sort who drinks Coca-Cola, it is for that they have to pay attending to the societal mobility for non losing a possible market. # 8211 ; Taking into history that PepsiCo is seeking to present itself in developing markets, they have to be careful with the possible jobs with the authoritiess of this states, and with the jobs could lift from PepsiCo act with the people of this states. Technological influences: # 8211 ; PepsiCo is capable to new techniques of fabrication, for their three concern sectors, bite nutrient, juices and soft drinks. # 8211 ; It has to pay attending to the new distribution techniques. # 8211 ; And they have to repair their attending in the competency developed, to cognize about the new merchandises. Porter? s Diamond: The Porter? s Diamond Analysis tries to explicate the Competitive Advantage of Nations. There are four properties of a state comprise Porter? s Diamond of national advantage, they are: Factor Conditionss: T he basic factor conditions are natural resources, clime, location, the more advanced factor conditions are skilled labour, substructure and engineering. There are some of these factors that can be obtained by any company ( like unskilled labor and natural stuffs ) and, therefore, do non bring forth sustained competitory advantage. Even though, we have to take into history that specialized factors involve a heavy and sustained investing, we have to cognize that if we are able to accomplish them, we could bring forth a competitory advantage. Some of the factor conditions PepsiCo has to take into history, in each state where they want to present are # 8211 ; Unemployment. # 8211 ; Interest rate. ( Short term, long term ) . # 8211 ; Labour statute law. Demand Conditionss: We have to cognize that the nature of a state demand makes PepsiCo dependant on them. For illustration if in one state exists a sophisticated demand, these clients pressure houses to be competitory. Is for that, hou ses that face a sophisticate domestic market are likely to sell superior merchandises because the market demands high quality and a close propinquity to such clients enable the house to better understand the demands of the clients, in the same manner it is easier distribute their houses in the planetary market. Some of the demand conditions PepsiCo has to take into history en the states where they want to present are: # 8211 ; Expectation of clients. # 8211 ; GNP A ; RPI. # 8211 ; Competitive research ( tendencies ) # 8211 ; And with rivals are established in the state. Related and Supporting Industries: For any company it is truly of import the Related and Supporting Industry. Knowing who are the scope of providers, and the related industries, is necessary for make up ones minding where we have to put our company. In some instances the concentration of related and back uping industries provoke the concentration of the similar industries in the same countries. Some advantages a nd disadvantages of turn uping close to your challenger may be: Some advantages to turn uping close to your challengers may be: o Potential engineering cognition spillovers, o An association of a part on the portion of consumers with a merchandise and high quality and hence some market power, or o An association of a part on the portion of applicable labour force. Some disadvantages to turn uping close to your challengers are: o Potential poaching of your employees by rival companies and o Obvious addition in competition perchance diminishing mark-ups. Firm Strategy, Structure A ; Rivalry: Refering to the scheme and the construction of the house, they would be conditioned by the tradition of the state. There are different direction manners in each state, and besides they vary depending on the industry. PepsiCo has to analyze the different manners of direction, for moving in the best manner in each state, accommodating its scheme and its construction every bit far as possible. Equal ly far as possible the competition, in general is better the national than the international. In the instance of PepsiCo ( Pepsi ) ; for them it is more advisable that when they are presenting in a new market, its chief challenger ( Coca-Cola ) non be positioned or at least it is non to absolute leader of the market. Five Forces We do the same analysis for the three different markets of PepsiCo: the soft drink market, the bites market and the chilled orange juice market. We treated the three markets as a the same industry, with some exclusions as the competency The menace of entry Established brands with a batch of experience in the market that a have a good channel of distribution. The trade names deliver the merchandises straight to the supermarket, this means that is necessary a large company construction ( lorries, warehouses, bring forthing workss, etc. ) to get at retail merchants and supermarkets, all of this requires a large investing of money. Suppliers Well looks that at f irst sight, providers are non a job because it? s easy to happen murphies, maize and oil providers. The job that we find here is the possibility of variableness of monetary values in the natural stuffs caused for illustration by a bad twelvemonth of harvest home, or there is another gasoline crisis. Besides in some states that have non petrol usually fuel gasoline is more expensive and the fuel providers have an oligopoly of the market. Buyers Sing that purchasers are the concluding consumers, we can state that in this markets the consumers get used at one sort of gustatory sensation, and they have this merchandises for the importance of the trade name, it? s a selling issue as good. Substitutes In these three markets is rather hard to happen replacements. More than substitutes we can speak more of manner, tendencies, or costumier? s gustatory sensations. Suddenly people stop has orange juice for breakfast and take more milk or java in forenoons. It? s rather hard to happen a replac ement for these merchandises because usually the people get used at one sort of gustatory sensation of Cola for illustration, so is really hard to seek to accommodate the populace to a new Cola. Competitive Rivalry Well these three markets are truly full of competition. First there is the Cola market where Coca-Cola owns an unbelievable 51 % market portion, followed far off Pepsi with a 21 % of market portion, is really hard to perforate in this market. Then there is the Bite market where Lays have the 40% of market share, the second most important brand is Procter (P), in this market the shares are more distributed, but still being two majors competitors that have most of the market. An at the last we have the orange Juice market, this maybe is the most open market, there is a lot of competence and there is not a major brand that controls all the market. There are three important brands that have more market share, like Tropicana Coca-Cola Company and Chiquita. Internal Analysis Porter?s Value Chain Primary activities Inbound logistics Because the company is in a competitive environment is not possible to recover the increasing costs with a higher pricing of the final products. For this reason PepsiCo have special way to purchase the raw materials. They use ?futures contracts? for cover different fluctuation in the raw material market (Primarily oil, corn, fuel, etc.) is like speculate with the market. Operations In Orange juice products, they only use non-concentrate orange juice for creates a very tasty and healthy product completely natural. Pepsi they just create the liquid that is sold to the bottlers, these bottlers then they can the liquid and then is sold to the costumers. PepsiCo owns at same time shares from the four bottlers companies. In fact in the past PepsiCo owned Pepsi Bottling Group, and had as a franchise Pepcom industries INC companies. Outbound logistics PepsiCo use the system ?direct store distribution?. This implies that PepsiCo products are delivered to the retailer and put it directly to the shelves, this provide a great business control to PepsiCo, and reduce work to the retailers and that fact give more advantage over most competitors. Marketing and sales This is a very powerful tool that PepsiCo use. It would be developed in another chapter. Service We can consider that the service that makes PepsiCo value is the ?direct store distribution? explained before. Support activities Procurement Here PepsiCo uses economies of scale. Also the raw materials are bought in future contract to prevent higher costs in the future because the high prices of the raw materials. Technology development More than Technology development we can talk of costumer preferences. Is very important to know what the costumers prefers and wants, then is necessary to study the costumers? behaviour. For example Tropicana Twister shelf-stable juice products had a very important volume growth because the PepsiCo relaunched the brand in 1.75 plastic bottles instead of smaller glass bottles. This provides to the costumers more value and convenience. Human resources management Benefits At PepsiCo’s Worldwide Headquarters Compensation Highly competitive salaries ? Bonus opportunities at many levels ? Eligibility for stock options for almost all positions Benefits Flexible benefit options include: ? Medical ? Dental ? Vision/Hearing ? Life Insurance ? Accident Insurance ? Long-Term Disability Insurance ? Group Le gal Services ? Health Care Reserve Account ? Dependent Care Reserve Account Stock Options. The PepsiCo stock option plan is called SharePower. Here are some of the details: ? Once eligible, you receive PepsiCo stock options normally each year based on at least 10% of your prior year’s earnings. ? Share Power stock options let you purchase shares of PepsiCo stock in the future at a set price. ? You make money if the stock price goes up and you stay with the Company. ? The longer you work for the Company, the more stock options you get. Share Power is one way for PepsiCo employees to share in the success that they create. Future Financial Security A Pension Plan fully paid for by the Company. ? A 401(k) Plan which allows you to save up to 15% of your pay on a pre-tax basis and invest in any publicly traded stock or bond or in any of over 200 mutual funds. ? A stock purchase program, allowing you to purchase PepsiCo stock through payroll deductions, with no fees or commissions. Additional Benefits In addition, PepsiCo’s portfolio of benefits includes such valuable programs as: ? Tuition Reimbursement ? Educational Loans ? Discount Car Purchase Program ? Matching Charitable Contributions ? Adoption Assistance ? Vacation Time ? And More Firm infrastructure Executive officers Co-Founder PepsiCo Corporate Officers (Roger A. Enrico) Principal Divisions and Officers Pepsi-Cola Company Frito-Lay Company Tropicana Products, Inc. Boston Consulting Group a) Frito-Lays; this product is a Cash Cow for PepsiCo; it generates more cash than it needs to maintain its share market. Frito-Lays is the leader of its market, and it has its principal competitor very far in the market share. PepsiCo should maintain this product, in the same way, and invest its profits in other company products. b) Tropicana; it is a question mark for PepsiCo, it is, due to, it is a new acquisition, and although it is a product leader in its market, PepsiCo has to invest in Tropicana for ac hieving a bigger market share, and for trying to increase the international market share. c) Pepsi; it is very difficult place to Pepsi, in one of the squares, because in spite of it generates more cash than it needs to maintain its share market, it is not the leader of its market, and we can neither considerate it as a star product, because of the same reason, them it probably could be place, in the middle of the matrix. Financial Analysis PepsiCo had reduce the total net sales in 2,000 millions $ during the 1999, this was due to PepsiCo sold the bottling company. But at same time the total sales from the three Business (Snacks, Soft Drinks, Orange Juice) had increase in 4,000 millions $. This means that the company his growing in the markets. Because the selling of the bottling Company the total cost and expenses reduced in 2,000 millions of $. Because the reduced costs and the growth of the net sales in the Snacks, soft drinks, and Orange juice, the company had at the end of the 1999 more profit. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) Resuming PepsiCo had in 1999 a total net income of 2,050 millions $ more or less the same as at 1997 (2,142 millions of $), but with the difference that in 1999 they stop earning money with the bottling company. This means now the company generates more profit. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) Is necessary to emphasise as well that PepsiCo reduced a lot one of the big loans that he had due to PepsiCo didn?t has the necessity of borrowing money. The loan had an amount of 4,53 millions $ and was reduced to 1,55 millions $ in 1999. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) As the PepsiCo?s Web page said: PepsiCo’s earnings per share jumped 17% in the third quarter ended September 2; to $.40 from a pro forma $.34 in the prior year, the fourth consecutive double-digit gain. Revenues grew 7% to $4.9 billion, reflecting strong volume growth in worldwide snacks and juices. Operating profit grew 12% to $826 million as ever y division generated double-digit growth. Roger Enrico, chairman, said: â€Å"Four consecutive quarters of double-digit EPS growth confirm that PepsiCo today is strong and getting stronger. We are fulfilling our goal of delivering healthy earnings gains generated by volume growth across our portfolio?. This means the company is going well but is not offering more dividends to the shareholders, after some bad years now the company is having n important growing. And this will be reflected in the dividends during the next years. SWOT Strength PepsiCo nowadays it is a very strong Company with no financial problems, and with three important brands. Where Frito-Lays is a very Strong brand, World leader in sells in the world snack chip industry, with a 40% of the market share. (Source 1999 PepsiCo Annual report) In the last 3 years the company had increase his sales (without bottling operations) in a 33% since 1997. (Source 1999 PepsiCo Annual report) Weakness Pepsi maybe is one of the we akness of PepsiCo, due that is really far away from the leader Coca-Cola in the international market. Pepsi-Cola is the second largest soft drink Company with a 21% of volume, far from the terrific 51% of volume of Coca-Cola. The net sales of PepsiCo had increase in the last 3 years, this is important but is necessary to say that is due the increase in sales only in USA, PepsiCo didn?t growth so much in the international market, what is happening then that only growing in USA. Opportunities New markets are beginning to open in the world (China, mainly in Asia). The opportunity to enter in the markets where the competence is not established yet. For example in China, China is the country with more population in the world, enter in the Chinese market and establish there before the competence arrive can give to PepsiCo a great opportunity to success in the future. Threats The problem that in these new markets the products of PepsiCo will not have a good welcome by the Asian consumers. The flavours of the products are not really adequate for these countries. Roger Enrico will leave the direction of PepsiCo in 2 years, this can create a little situation of panic inside the Company. The increase the prices of the raw materials or the fuel can cause an increase of the costs, and in the business environment that PepsiCo live is not possible to increase the product price because is a very competitive environment. 3. Conclusions Marketing Until now PepsiCo brand image was very linked to Pepsi image, which has label of second best brand. But in the last four years, that has changed, they have tried to lost the label of ?loser?, linking its image to the rest of firms company, that have a strong brand image in their markets. They have achieve that through advertising campaigns where appeared together with other PepsiCo Brands. During the last decade Pepsi had a war with Coca-Cola, in which Pepsi always lost. In the last stage (since the arrival of Enrico) PepsiCo decides m ove away from that war, for focusing in its own problems. Another step in the new strategy was the acquisition of the leader companies in related markets, for achieving a new image of powerful and consolidated corporation. In other way PepsiCo is giving a corporation image, which is committed with subjects like racial and sex discrimination, and environmental problems. All that through the special programs focused on each area. General In the last four year PepsiCo has suffered radical changes in its internal structure and in its market strategies. All these changes were propitiated by the arrival in the direction of R. Enrico, who implemented a radical change in PepsiCo?s mentality. He made very important decisions like to come off the restaurants (Pizza Hut KFC) and the bottlers, due to they were a heavy weight for the company. Although they were come off them, they follow linked to PepsiCo through strategic alliances, it is to say, that the restaurants still sell PepsiCo product s and the bottlers follow bottling Pepsi. Moreover PepsiCo has a minority percent of share of these companies. Other important decisions that Enrico made were the strategic acquisitions of leader companies in related markets, like Tropicana and Mountain Drew. These acquired companies have given to PepsiCo as much profits as stronger company brand image of New PepsiCo. 4. Recommendations After analysing PepsiCo we have noticed that in spite of the company has increased its net product sales, that is not a real increase because the sales have increased due to the new acquisitions, and not because of the increase of the products, which already existed in the company. For this reason we recommended that, they should consolidate its old product and try to increase they sales. Another section, where we would like to make a recommendation, it is into the international section of PepsiCo, we think that they are too focused in the U.S. (although it is true that it is the market where they ha ve biggest volume of sales), but they should try to consolidate in the international markets, and as well to try to penetrate in undeveloped markets, where its competitors are not established yet (i.e. Chinese market). Bibliography Lamb Hair McDaniel (1998) Marketing. Ed. South Western. Richard Koch (1995) Guide to strategy. Ed Financial Times Pitman Publishing G. Johnson K. Scholes (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy. Ed. Financial Times Prentice Hall J.L. Thompson (1997) Exploring Corporate Strategy. PepsiCo Annual Report (1999) http://www.pepsico.com Appendix Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Appendix IV Appendix V Appendix VI

Alexander Bain and the First Fax

Alexander Bain and the First Fax Faxing is by definition a method of encoding data, transmitting it over a ​telephone line or radio broadcast, and receiving a hard copy of the text, line drawings, or photographs at a remote location. The technology for fax machines was invented a long time. However, fax machines did not become popular with consumers until the 1980s. Alexander Bain The first fax machine was invented by Scottish mechanic and inventor Alexander Bain. In 1843, Alexander Bain received a British patent for â€Å"improvements in producing and regulating electric currents and improvements in timepieces and in electric printing and signal telegraphs†, in laymens terms a fax machine. Several years earlier, Samuel Morse had invented the first successful telegraph machine and the fax machine closely evolved from the technology of the telegraph. The earlier telegraph machine sent Morse code (dots and dashes) over telegraph wires that was decoded into a text message at a remote location. More About Alexander Bain Bain was a  Scottish  philosopher and  educationalist  in the  British school of empiricism  and a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of  psychology,  linguistics,  logic,  moral philosophy  and  education reform. He founded  Mind, the first ever journal of psychology and analytical philosophy, and was the leading figure in  establishing  and applying the  scientific method  to  psychology. Bain was the inaugural  Regius Chair  in Logic and  Professor of Logic  at the  University of Aberdeen, where he also held Professorships in  Moral Philosophy  and  English Literature  and was twice elected  Lord Rector. How Did Alexander Bains Machine Work? Alexander Bains fax machine transmitter scanned a flat metal surface using a stylus mounted on a pendulum. The stylus picked up images from the metal surface. An amateur clockmaker, Alexander Bain combined parts from clock mechanisms together with telegraph machines to invent his fax machine. Fax Machine History Many inventors after Alexander Bain, worked hard on inventing and improving fax machine type devices. Here is a brief timeline: In 1850, a London inventor named F. C. Blakewell received a patent what he called a copying telegraph.In 1860, a fax machine called the Pantelegraph sent the first fax between Paris and Lyon. The Pantelegraph was invented ​by Giovanni Caselli.In 1895, Ernest Hummel a watchmaker from St. Paul, Minnesota invented his competing device called the Telediagraph.In 1902, Dr. Arthur Korn invented an improved and practical fax, the photoelectric system.In 1914, Edouard Belin established the concept of the remote fax for photo and news reporting.In 1924, the telephotography machine (a type of fax machine) was used to send political convention photos long distance for newspaper publication. It was developed by the American Telephone Telegraph Company (ATT) worked to improve telephone fax technology.By 1926, RCA invented the Radiophoto that faxed by using radio broadcasting technology.In 1947, Alexander Muirhead invented a successful fax machine.On March 4, 1955, the first radio fax tran smission was sent across the continent.

A current event of chemistry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A current event of chemistry - Research Paper Example In their study, the team first sought to understand the basis of chirality and how it occurs in nature. As an initial understanding, regular triangles are achiral in nature while human hands are chiral. Two achiral objects or molecules can be superimposed on top of each other. Several biomolecules within the body exist in one chiral form and the other form is not present. In their quest to determine how chiral objects are formed, they used achiral particles from which chiral structures are formed spontaneously. They employed the technique of lithography to manufacture millions of achiral particles in the shape of a triangle. With the help of optical microscopy, dense systems of such achiral triangular particles were studied which revealed that several of these achiral particles spontaneously arranged themselves into two-triangle super-structures, each of which exhibited a particular chiral form. This is visible by the specific orientations of the super-structures when viewed under mi croscopy. This discovery lead the team to conclude that biological chirality was the result of the physical phenomena of entropy. This study has shown that chiral structures can form when physical entropic forces act on achiral particles which are of uniform nature. These achiral particles spontaneously form chiral structures through Brownian movement when placed on a flat surface. While the phenomena of entropy are generally considered to cause disorganization of molecules, however, in this case the interaction of particles at a high density has resulted in an increased ability to move in a regulated manner. This has caused the particles to change into a partially ordered liquid crystal which, in turn, consists of chiral triangular shaped super-structures. With this experiment, the team has concluded that for chirality to spontaneously occur, two physical entities, namely entropy and the physical

Strategic Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Information System - Essay Example These approaches tend to significantly aid in the development of the information system. These approaches can be used as a framework or as a guideline that provides steps which eventually lead to the final product. In a situation where requirements from the stakeholders continuously change the development team can make two approaches. The first is a socio-technical approach which takes into account the social and technical perspective before drawing up an information system for an organization. The second is agile methodology under which regular feedback is obtained from stakeholders to ensure that there are no mistakes being made while the system is being developed. Soft systems and socio technical approaches: Socio-technical approaches are basically approaches that help an organization take into account human and social aspects of an organization in addition to the technical matters, while developing an information system. These approaches have been used by a number of organization s in the past however, their use in recent years has steadily declined (Baxter & Sommerville, 2011). Socio-technical approaches are usually based on theories that revolve around social aspects involving individuals and the society that they are a part of. The technological part of this term does not necessarily refer to technology pertaining to materials and systems used, but rather it represents procedures that are used and knowledge that is related to those particular procedures (Baxter & Sommerville, 2011). Soft systems methodology is an approach that is used as an inquiry tool where an organization makes an inquiry into a problematic situation that is thought to exist within the real world (Checkland & Scholes, 1990). Problems can basically be categorized into two main categories hard and soft. Hard problems are problems that can be properly defined and can be solved using a technical predefined approach. Soft problems, on the other hand, are very difficult to clearly define (Cl arke, 2011). Within soft problems, there is a fluctuating factor of political and human activity. Moreover, there is no exact technical approach, which a person can use to solve a soft problem. In a number of cases, technological impact on the situation is not positive and may cause even greater problems (Checkland & Scholes, 1990). Advantages and disadvantages: The idea of developing a particular information system for an organization is to address a problem that occurs within that organization. Perceptions regarding the problem are different for every stakeholder of the organization. This then divides one single problem into a number of problems that are interrelated to each other in more than one ways. Socio-technical system helps the organization by citing the definition of the organization as one of the phases towards the solution of the problem in question (Checkland & Scholes, 1990). Socio-technical approach thus helps stakeholders on focusing on the nature of the problem pri or to working towards the procurement of the solution of the given problem. By clearly defining the problem, system developers would be able to address the real problem rather than forming a solution to the problem that they perceive is correct (Baxter & Sommerville, 2011). Methodologies such as soft system approach can only be used to analyze the weak points and fails to clearly specify how a system can be built using the information that is obtained from its analysis. In some cases, the problem is

Financial Crisis of the French Monarchy

Financial Crisis of the French Monarchy What was the nature of the financial crisis that faced the monarchy in 1789? The financial crisis of the French Monarchy during the 17th and 18th centuries has been an issue of controversy amongst historians, on one hand some historians do not consider the financial crisis to have been of great influence to the French revolution, whereas others believe that the financial crisis was a significant factor of the French revolution. Of the historians that believe the latter, there remains dispute over the nature of the financial crisis. There is somewhat of a classical interpretation, which maintains that the financial crisis was due to the system of taxation and privilege of France. This interpretation has been widely contested in recent years however, with a number of new factors coming to light. Historians such as Joel Felix, now speculate that the financial crisis was due to a vast number of factors such as, War, the governments policy of borrowing, finance ministers and the system of vested interest. In this essay I will examine each of these factors to deter mine what the nature of the financial crisis was, however it is my argument that despite these factors being important, evidence seems to suggest that it was nature in which the government handled the financing during the war that was the biggest contributing factor to the economic crisis. Firstly it is important to consider the crisis that the monarchy faced. In the 1780s it was suggested that the French government was burdened with a debt of 5 million livre, J. Brewer assessed that between the years of 1753 and 1764 the cost of the debt rose from 30% of ordinary revenue to 60% (Brewer, 1989). This debt was huge, however when considered against the history of the French Monarchy, which J. Bosher does in French Finances, there appears to have been deficits and debt burdens throughout, which did not amount to the financial crisis like that seen in 1789. For example Francois I began his reign with unresolved debt and borrowed heavily from Lyon bankers. Similarly Henri II ended his reign in a grand financial crisis; it seems on examination of the Bourbon monarchy, few had not struggled with finances and all had used emergency measures to control government finances. It is important, then, to understand that the situation that the French monarchy was in during the 17th and 18th century was different to the financial problems faced by previous monarchs but not new in its conception. With this in mind a clear evaluation can be made of the nature of the financial crisis of 1789. Firstly I will start with the classical interpretation that the financial crisis was caused largely by a system of taxation and privilege that drained money from the French people. Crucially the argument focuses upon the great tax burden. It was understood from this interpretation that because the first and second estates were exempt from taxation, the whole burden fell upon the third estate, and that these taxes were unusually high. There are several problems with this theory of tax burden upon the third estate as an explanation for the financial crisis. Firstly the Cahier de Dolances evidences that most complaints about taxation were concerned with the inequalities of the tax system as well as collection, complaints about tax burdens namely concerned seigneurial or feudal dues that did not contribute to the Kings annual revenue. Secondly a study by Peter Mathias and Patrick OBrien, which focused on respective tax rates of Britain and France, found that in fact the British were more heavily taxed then the French (Felix, 2006). This evidence suggests that the financial crisis did not come from a reaction to a tax burden. But what of privilege? It is clear that the system of privilege made the financial system of France unjust; also privilege was a crucial part of the ancien regime. Within this opinion it is argued that the privileged orders of France blocked reform methods that would have enabled the monarchy to receive more revenue and correct its huge deficits. It is true that there was opposition to tax reforms from the nobility, and example of this comes from the Parelments rejection of the third vingtieme, which led to Marion commenting, they only had self-interests at heart'[1]. This view point that the privileged sort to block reform to maintain their lifestyle is one that many classical historians attribute to the fall of the ancien regime, and it does enable one to link the issue of privilege to the issue of tax reform, but it does seem to be lacking in some crucial elements that need to be accounted for when evaluating the financial crisis. Firstly, the issue of privilege confuses taxation with finance as Joel Felix points out, it doesnt account for the lack of financial disclosure which caused the finance ministers difficulty in securing loans'[2]. Secondly, the argument that the privilege blocked reforms for selfish interest is destroyed by the Cahier de Dolances which shows that with rare exceptions the members of the nobility ha d unanimously expressed the desire to give up pecuniary privileges and become full'[3]. Thirdly, and probably the most damning criticism of this classical interpretation is that the clergy and nobility would have only added 32-36 million livres well below what was needed to balance the budget'[4]. It seems obvious then, that neither the tax burden nor the system of privilege can be attributed to the financial crisis of 1789, what needs to be considered is the system of taxation itself? It has been suggested that the labyrinth of taxes, franchises and laws amounted to the most powerful block of Monarchys desire to tax more equitably'[5]. The Crown relied on the service of intermediaries to manage. These agents were largely independent and often engaged in profit making enterprises. The financers controlled the borrowing process and had a vested interest in keeping the French finances the way they were. Not only would they lend money to the King at high interest rates, which I shall deal with later, but they took money away from the Kings revenue by charging to collect taxes. An example of this is the Farmers General, a collection of private entrepreneurs that made profit in collecting taxes, arranging payments and money transfers and lending to the Crown. Typically they made a profit of 10 25% or more of the revenue collected'[6] for the Crown, Darigrand suggested for this reason that there was no need for tax reform, just a means of recovering what was lost from collection'[7], he suggested that from 15,000 livre collected 3,000 was left for the Royal Treasury'[8]. Roussel also made this distinction and suggested that the defect of the current financial system was the inability to close the gap between what people paid in taxes and what the King received'[9]. Collection agents also strongly opposed the idea of French Bank system, The accountants, Farmers General and other financers would not tolerate a Central bank system because it would have cut down their profits'[10], which would have helped the French monarchy secure finance dramatically, I shall assess the consequence of this later on. Here it is necessary to make a comparison between Britain and France in terms of tax collection, which many historians such as White, Riley and Bosher, do when evaluating French finances. In Britain tax collection was in the hands of centrally appointed government officials, instead of the French system using independent tax collectors under the Farmers General, who were largely untrained and did not come under the control of the King. The British system was also largely centralised unlike the French system which varied according to region which made revenue policing and administration difficult (Brewer, 1989). It is clear that the tax system in France did contribute more than any other element considered so far to the financial crisis. Other than what I have considered already one of the most dramatic elements of the taxation system was the affect it had on public opinion. There was a deep sense of hatred for the Farmers General within French society, this coupled with the secrecy over French finances bread an attitude that considered the financial crisis to be a result of lavish spending of the government and poor management of finance, rather than other more important factors, J.Felix comes to this conclusion about the public, public who continually blamed the deficits on poor royal administration and expenditure of court rather than on cost of war and burden on privilege'[11]. Despite the damaging effect the taxation system had on French finances it should be considered that the Farmers General in reality took no greater percentage than any other tax collection agency of this period in history, with this considered it seems necessary to evaluate Louis XVI management of his finances and his contribution to the financial crisis. It was commented that France was not overburdened by taxes, but the political economy constrained the ability to finance state expenditure. By this I am not implying that the reason for the financial crisis was due to the Kings lavish spending at court, however the King did undertake in lavish spending in terms of Wars, and it is this which seems to be the most damaging factor concerning French finances. There are many issues to consider when looking at Frances involvement in wars. Many underestimate the impact of war on a countries economic situation, as war was often fought on foreign soil or at sea and is therefore less directly harmful to a kingdoms domestic economy'[12], however an in depth look at the nature at which the French government financed wars provides many answers in understanding the financial crisis. Some historians have said that the financial crisis was largely attributed to wars. The War of League of Augsburg 1688 91 and the War of Spanish Succession 1701-13 for example both occurred during the first 25 years of a cycle of economic depression which resulted in financial difficulties for the monarchy early on. Later in the 17th and 18th centuries three major wars contributed massively to a strain on the government finances. The war of Austrian Succession 1740-8, The Seven Years War 1756-63 and the American War 1778-83, overall the French were involved in 22 years of war compared with 21years peace'[13]. The costs of these wars were huge and resulted in a huge increase in government expenditure. An example of this is the War of Austrian succession in which expenditure exceeded normal income by 112million by 1748[14]. This resulted, as Joel Felix points out, in 8 years the government had to secure a sum of money that without war it would have taken 12years to collect'[15]. Obvio usly war increased the strain on government finance, but it was the governments handling of this that resulted in real financial crisis. The government relied on borrowing to finance these wars, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, this resulted in numerous problems. The French system of undisclosed financial records and their lack of bank system meant that securing loans was difficult for financial ministers; the interest rates of loans grew according to the length of the war, accompanied by a general lack of confidence lenders had in the French finances. This meant that finance ministers had to offer higher interest rates and short term loans to lenders in order to generate enough revenue, for example Necker offered loans at rates between 6.5 9% (Felix, 2006). This system of lending meant that peacetime became dangerous territory in terms of French finances as they could no longer revenue higher taxes on the public but had large debts to pay off after the war. In respect of this, another issue comes to light, the French public who were already unsatisfied with the system of taxation were unwilling to an increase in taxes come peacetime, and also the need for immediate credit required to fight a war, meant that an increasing demand was put upon finance ministers to finance the war through credit. This is what finance minister Necker did with the American War. Although this solved the difficulty of increasing taxes it left the impression that it was not necessary to increase taxes to finance a war, which was further compounded when Necker published his Compte Rendu au Roi which showed a balanced budget neglecting to show the deficit caused by the war. The result of these measures taken by the French government to secure money for war was tha t it was increasingly incurring more debt without gaining an increase in revenue. Considering this it is again fitting to compare French finances with British finances, for in the same period of time Britain encountered 5 wars but enjoyed a system of adequate finance due to superior system of credit'[16], despite the fact that they too borrowed in order to finance war. There are several reasons for this; firstly the interest rates the British paid were far less than the French, at 3% (Bosher, 1970). This explains why; when Necker estimated the debt of 3,400,000,000 after the American war was equal to England he was wrong, as France was paying double the interest rate of Britain (Bosher, 1970). Secondly, the British had a different system in terms of administration and government control, and also a Bank, it left parliament in control of finances, giving them the control to raise taxes in order to suppress a deficit providing investment confidence. The same is true of its Bank system; it gave the British an effective way of raising funds. It is therefore understand able that Britain was preferable to France, as in Britain the debt was the states, whereas in France the debt was Royal (Bosher, 1970). By far the war had the most impact on the French finances; it pushed the deficit into a sum so large that it could not be counter-acted by increased taxation. It can therefore be used as an explanation of the financial crisis of 1789, but as I have demonstrated in this essay, it is not merely one factor that caused the financial crisis of 1789 but several. What needs to be considered is that it was not Frances involvement in wars that caused the financial crisis, but more the way the French government handled its finances. As can be seen the combined factors of the French keeping its financial details a secret from the public, the French borrowing at high rates, and the governments commitment to a system of privilege that seems to have formed the nature of the financial crisis. This conclusion of there being several factors that formed the nature of the financial crisis seems to have arisen fairly recently, one that modern historians draw upon more than old. J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 212 Princeton University Press 1986 Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 44 Macmillian 2006 Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 45- Macmillian 2006 E.N. White The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770 -1815 Page 8 The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Jun., 1995) Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 47 Macmillian 2006 J. Bosher French Finances Page 9 Cambridge University Press 1970 J.C.Riley- The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 204 Princeton University Press 1986 J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 204 Princeton University Press 1986 J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 194 Princeton University Press 1986 J.Bosher French Finances Page 17 Cambridge University Press 1970 J. Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 60 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 40 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 40 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 41 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 41- Macmillian 2006 J.Bosher French Finances page 23 Cambridge University Press 1970

World War One â€Life in the Trenches

World war one –life in the trenches When men volunteered to fight in world war one, on the Western front, little did they know about the conditions they would be living and fighting in the trenches, and for how long this would all go on for. The Great War lasted for four years even though many believed they would be home by Christmas 1914 on till 11/11/1918(today know better as remembrance day). (See source A) Even if the men did know about many of the conditions in the trench they would most likely have still joined as many were pressured by two ways to join. irstly by women as they would press little white feathers into their hand another way was they would walk past with a desecrated look in their faces as described by Rifleman Norman Demuth in source B (see source B) and secondly by propagandas(posters)see sources C,D and E for some examples. Even though the war lasted longer than expected the conditions didn’t get any better for soldiers as the shortage of food got worse, diseases became more common e. g.Trench foot (where your foot rotted off in your boot), more rats moved into the trenches, no way to remove toilet waste from the trenches and corpses lined many of the sides and floors of the trenches helping to spread disease. It got so bad in the trenches many solider turned to shooting themselves so they could be sent home and see their friend and family they had left behind. But if you were found guilty of a self-inflicted wound (SIW) in the British Army the ultimate penalty was capital (death by firing squad. )But 3,894 British soldiers were found guilty of SIW but none were executed but instead sent to prison for lengthy periods.Basic trench and layouts(see sources f and G) The first job of any soldiers getting to the western front who wanted to survive the machine gun fire from the triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was to dig down, making trenches. Frontline trenches were usually about seven foot deep and six foot wi de. The front of the trench was known as the parapet. The top two or three feet of the parapet and the parados (the rear side of the trench) would consist of a thick line of sandbags to absorb any bullets or shell fragments.In a trench of this depth it was impossible to see over the top, so a two or three-foot ledge known as a fire-step, was added. Trenches were not dug in straight lines. Otherwise, if the enemy had a successive offensive, and got into your trenches, they could shoot straight along the line. Each trench was dug with alternate fire-bays and traverses. Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire.The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-trench into No-Man's Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, were then used as listening posts. Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches, were dug at an angle to the frontline trench and was used to transport men, equipment and food supplies. Food in the trenchesIn the trench food was basic but was for many it was better than what families were eating back at home. Daily rations for a British soldier consisted of 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of oatmeal instead of bread, 3 ounces of cheese, 5/8 ounces of tea, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried fruit ,? ounce of salt, 1/36 ounce of pepper, 1/20 ounce of mustard, 8 ounces of fresh vegetables or 1/10 gill lime if vegetables not issued, ? gill of rum or 1 pint of porter , 20 ounces of tobacco, 1/3 ounces of chocolate (optional), 4 ounces of butter/margarine and 2 ounces of dried vegetables.One B ritish soldier said (source H) Tinned bully beef was the usual. we were always hungry. many times we only got one slice of bread,often without butter or jam,for breakfast and hard biscuits for tea. they were so hard that you had to put them on a hard surface and smash them with a stone. Meaning many did not get what they should have. Weapons One thing that played a big part in the war was the weapons They used * Handguns (e. g Webley Revolver, Webley Self-loading, Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, Enfield revolver, Colt M1911 , Colt New Service, Smith ; Wesson M1917 revolver, Smith ; Wesson Model 10, Smith amp; Wesson Triple Lock, Lancaster pistol, Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, and Mauser C96) * Rifles(e. g. Lee-Enfield, Lee-Metford, Pattern 1914 Enfield, Martini-Enfield, Martini-Henry, Ross rifle , Winchester Model 1894, Winchester Model 1895, Winchester Model 1907, Type 30 rifle, Type 38 rifle, Type 38 cavalry rifle, Mauser-Vergueiro, andPeriscope rifle) * Machine Guns(e. g. Vickers machine gun, Maxim gun, Lewis Gun, Hotchkiss Mark I, M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun and M1917 Browning machine gun) * Shotguns(e. g Sawn-off shotgun and Double-barreled shotgun) * Anti-tank weapons(e. . Elephant gun) * Grenades(e. g Grenade, No 1 Hales; Rifle grenades, 2, 3, 4 Hales; No. s 5, 23, 36 Mills; No. 6 Grenade; No. s 8, 9 Double Cylinder Jam Tin; No. 13 Battye; No. 15 Ball grenade; No. 27 Smoke Grenade and No. 34 Egg grenade) * Mortars(e. g 2 inch Medium Mortar, Newton 6 inch Mortar, Stokes Mortar and Livens Projector) * Support Guns(E. g Vickers-Crayford rocket gun * Swords(e. g 1897 Pattern, 1908 and 1912 Pattern Cavalry Swords and Claymore) * Bayonets(e. g M1907 bayonet) See sources G-L for examples of weapons. DiseasesIn the trenches there was a lot of disease from a common cold to trench foot(foot rotting off). 1. Trench foot- Many soldiers fighting in World War One suffered from severe trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches soldiers stood fur hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The soilders feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and the result was amputation. 2. Shell shock-Early symptoms of shell shock included tiredness, irritability, giddiness, lack of concentration and headaches. Eventually the men suffered mental breakdowns making it impossible for them to remain in the front-line. Some came to the conclusion that the soldiers condition was caused by the enemy's heavy artillery. These doctors argued that a bursting shell creates a vacuum, and when the air rushes into this vacuum it disturbs the cerebro-spinal fluid and this can upset the working of the brain. 3. Trench mouth- It was a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcerations. . Trench fever is a bacterial infection that causes repeated cycles of high fever. Two different types of bacteria cause Trench fever. Bartonella quintana is carried by body lice and Bartonella henselae is carried by ticks. Symptoms are headaches, skin rashes, inflamed eyes and leg pains. Rats In the trenches Rats gathered in their millions infested everywere in trenches. There were two main types of rats in the trenches the brown and the black rat. Both were despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging themselves on human they could grow to the size of a cat. Toilets Loss of life Conclusion