Not All Iron Is Magnetic (Magnetic Elements)

Heres an element factoid for you: Not all iron is magnetic. The a allotrope is magnetic, yet when the temperature increases so that the a form changes to the b form, the magnetism disappears even though the lattice doesnt change. Key Takeaways: Not All Iron Is Magnetic Most people think of iron as a magnetic material. Iron is ferromagnetic (attracted to magnets), but only within a certain temperature range and other specific conditions.Iron is magnetic in its ÃŽ ± form. The ÃŽ ± form occurs below a special temperature called the Curie point, which is 770  Ã‚ °C. Iron is paramagnetic above this temperature and only weakly attracted to a magnetic field.Magnetic materials consist of atoms with partially-filled electron shells. So, most magnetic materials are metals. Other magnetic elements include nickel and cobalt.Nonmagnetic (diamagnetic) metals include copper, gold, and silver. Why Iron Is Magnetic (Sometimes) Ferromagnetism is the mechanism by which materials are attracted to magnets and form permanent magnets. The word actually means iron-magnetism because that is the most familiar example of the phenomenon and the one scientists first studied. Ferromagnetism is a quantum mechanical property of a material. It depends on its microstructure and crystalline state, which can be affected by temperature and composition. The quantum mechanical property is determined by the behavior of electrons. Specifically, a substance needs a magnetic dipole moment in order to be a magnet, which comes from atoms with partially-filled electron shells. Atoms will filled electron shells are not magnetic because they have a net dipole moment of zero. Iron and other transition metals have partially-filled electrons shells, so some of these elements and their compounds are magnetic. In atoms of magnetic elements nearly all of the dipoles align below a special temperature called the Curie point. For iron, the Curie point occurs at 770  Ã‚ °C. Below this temperature, iron is ferromagnetic (strongly attracted to a magnet), but above it the iron changes its crystalline structure and become paramagnetic (only weakly attacted to a magnet). Other Magnetic Elements Iron isnt the only element that displays magnetism. Nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium are also ferromagnetic. As with iron, the magnetic properties of these elements depends on their crystal structure and whether the metal is below its Curie point. ÃŽ ±-iron, cobalt, and nickel are ferromagnetic, while ÃŽ ³-iron, manganese, and chromium are antiferromagnetic. Lithium gas is magnetic when cooled below 1 kelvin. Under certain condition, manganese, the actinides (e.g., plutonium and neptunium), and ruthenium are ferromagnetic. While magnetism most often occurs in metals, it also occurs rarely in nonmetals. Liquid oxygen, for example, may be trapped between the poles of a magnet! Oxygen has unpaired electrons, allowing it to react to a magnet. Boron is another nonmetal that displays paramagnetic attraction greater than its diamagnetic repulsion. Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Steel Steel is an iron-based alloy. Most forms of steel, including stainless steel, are magnetic. There are two broad types of stainless steels which display different crystal lattice structures from one another. Ferritic stainless steels are iron-chromium alloys that are ferromagnetic at room temperature. While normally unmagnetized, ferritic steel become magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field and remain magnetized for some time after the magnet is removed. The metal atoms in ferritic stainless steel are arranged in a body-centered (bcc) lattic. Austenitic stainless steels tend to be nonmagnetic. These steels contain atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. The most popular type of stainless steel, Type 304, contains iron, chromium, and nickel (each magnetic on its own). Yet, atoms in this alloy usually have the fcc lattice structure, resulting in a nonmagnetic alloy. Type 304 does become partly ferromagnetic if the steel is bent at room temperature. Metals That Arent Magnetic While some metals are magnetic, most are not. Key examples include copper, gold, silver, lead, aluminum, tin, titanium, zinc, and bismuth. These elements and their alloys are diamagnetic. Nonmagnetic alloys include brass and bronze. These metals weakly repel magnets, but not usually enough that the effect is noticeable. Carbon is a strongly diamagnetic nonmetal. In fact, some types of graphite repel magnets strongly enough to levitate a strong magnet. Source Devine, Thomas. Why dont magnets work on some stainless steels? Scientific American.

The Implementation of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Philosophy...

Perhaps one of the most influential figures during the French Revolution was a man by the name of Maximilien Robespierre. Instrumental especially at the onset of the Revolution, a period referred to as the Reign of Terror, Robespierre drew on the insights of many Enlightenment philosophers and was a strong advocate for the left wing bourgeoisie. However, despite his efficacious leadership and sentiment, much of what he encouraged to the masses is based off the writings and teachings of one Enlightenment thinker in particular: Jean Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau would be the first â€Å"modern critic of the bourgeois society.†[1]More specifically, in his text, The Social Contract[2], in which he outlines what he believes to be the necessary†¦show more content†¦However, this is but a small piece to the puzzle in the grand scheme of Roussillon philosophy as well as the works of Robespierre. The overall theme of Rousseau’s work tended circle around the idea of the sta te of nature and the general will. We see this idea of the state of nature in his other notable works such as Emile and Discourse on Inequality. In broader terms, it is the way in which man behaved before the creation of the State. â€Å"The general will is not a natural phenomenon. A morale order of that State is opposed to the natural order of the species of the universe. The civil order, Rousseau tells us at the beginning of Emile, must put an end to the primacy of natural feelings† (Crocker 91)[7]. As Crocker goes on, he states the Rousseau derided the â€Å"idealism† of his contemporaries in that, while he did believe that man could and would choose the general good, it is not without coercion. For example, in his Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau praised the lifestyle of the people of the Caribbean. â€Å"[T]he Caribbeans, who have as yet least of all deviated from the state of nature, being in the fact the most peaceable of people in their amours, and the least subject to jealousy, though they live in a hot climate which seems to always inflame the passions† (Rousseau Discourse 37)[8]. Thus, Rousseau believed that morality was not merely a â€Å"societal construct† but rather a creation of man’s that grew from his disinclination to avoid witnessing suffering, which

Engineering Management SingTel Optus Pty Limited †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Management SingTel Optus Pty Limited. Answer: Introduction SingTel Optus Pty Limited is an Australian company that is the second largest telecommunications company in the country. Optus was founded in 1981 as AUSSAT and at present, the company is a wholly owned subsidiary of SingTel, which is a company headquartered in Singapore. Some of the services that the company offers are fixed telephony, mobile telephony, internet access, cable television, leased lines and data transmission. The company registered a revenue of A$ 8.93 billion in 2013 and has a workforce of more than 8,700 employees during 2013. The company provides services to end users as well as to certain other companies, such as Exetel and Amaysim. As of today, Optus has also achieved the position of being the largest satellite wholesaler in Australia. The company has also started selling mobile phones to its customers on contractual basis, which is helping the company in expanding its business even further (Optus, n.d.). Knowledge management and e-commerce Knowledge management Knowledge management is an approach that allows business organisations to use the information available to it as an asset and creating value out of it. Under knowledge management, organisations are able to create, store, access and analyse information and data and use it in meeting tactical and strategic requirements (Hislop, 2013). Most of the leading multinational companies in the world have dedicated departments that collect information from all the departments of the company and analyse it to formulate strategies for the future and take accurate business decisions (Holsapple, 2013). Knowledge management practices and systems can have a number of benefits for business organisations. First of all, knowledge management makes it easier to take better business decisions by finding relevant information and resources. Secondly, it can help in avoiding duplication of efforts which might be wasted in analysing unnecessary information or data again and again. Thirdly, having a vast warehouse of knowledge and data can prevent a company from making the same mistake twice by looking into the past. Fourthly, it can help in making the information sharing process more smooth. Fifthly, it can help a company in making better use of its resources and expertise (Meihami Meihami, 2014). E-commerce E-commerce is a gift of technology to the humans and is defined as the buying and selling of goods and services or transmitting of funds or data by using an electronic network, primarily the internet. There are different types of transactions that can occur in an e-commerce business, such as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer and consumer-to0business (Andam, 2014). E-commerce has changes the business world to a large extent and has become one of the top modes of carrying out business activities for almost all industries. Some major advantages of using e-commerce for business activities are discussed below: First of all, e-commerce has made the business world a smaller place and eliminated various barriers that existed between producers and consumers. Secondly, e-commerce has made it easier for the customers to buy the best product at the best price. Thirdly, it has increased the reach of customers as well as of the business organisations. Fourthly, it has eliminated the requirement of having land and building for carrying out business operations. Fifthly, it has allowed the customers to purchase products and services within real time, without having to travel to an outlet and standing in long queues for the billing process (Niranjanamurthy, Kavyashree, S.Jagannath, Chahar, 2013). Impact of knowledge management and e-commerce on Optus Optus is operating in a highly competitive market. In telecommunication market, even if the barriers to new market entrants is high, the market conditions in the telecommunication industry is vulnerable to a number of factors and the strategies adopted by competitors can have a huge impact on the market position of Optus. In order to ensure a long term survival in the market and to continue to dominate the competitors, it is important for Optus to have a knowledge management system in the organisation and make good use of e-commerce business model. Knowledge management In the present day business world, the competition has reached a global scale and the internal and external factors to which business organisations have become vulnerable have also increased to an exponential level. In such tough market situations, it is important for companies to use knowledge management and have knowledge management systems in the workplace at all times. A knowledge management system will definitely provide a competitive edge to Optus in the market because by using the information and data from the past and the present, the company will be able to take important business decisions and will also be able to track the activities of the competitors. Using knowledge management, Optus will also be able to identify market opportunities that are most likely to come up in the future and can prepare itself to make the full use of such opportunities. On the other hand, knowledge management systems can also warn the company about any possible risks that might arise in the future and the company can create contingency plans to deal with the risks and minimise their effect on the organisation. Storing, accessing and analysing the data and information available from the market will also help the company in finding out the changing customer preferences and what are the problems that the customers are facing with respect to the telecommunication industry. Such important information will greatly help the company in taking business decisions and formulating new strategies that will have higher chances of success. By becoming more customer oriented and by satisfying the needs or demands of the customers, the company will be able to outperform its competitors and achieve a stronger position in the market. Knowledge management tools can also be used by Optus to manage its human resources. As the management of human resources is becoming increasingly important as well as complicated, companies like Optus that have a large workforce should definitely make use of knowledge management systems to store and analyse information related to their workforce. Using human resource information in business decisions and in formulating new strategies will further provide a competitive edge to the firm and the company will be able to ensure high performance because of efficient human resource management strategies. E-commerce For a company like Optus, e-commerce business model is a necessary evil because it can help such a company in increasing its market reach and targeting a larger group of customers. As the company offers multiple services to its customers, such as internet, lease lines, mobile phone services, etc. an e-commerce business model can become a one-step solution to all the customer problems and needs. Optus can include customer accounts in its e-commerce website where the customers can log into their accounts using their unique ID and password and can view all the services that they are using, their bill plans, monthly rentals and can even add or drop services from their accounts. Such an e-commerce model will help the company in saving the operational costs that it has to invest in maintaining customer care call centres to execute all those operations that the customers can themselves take care of using an e-commerce website. Further, an e-commerce website will also act as a portfolio of all the services that the company can offer to its clients and can even include a section where the customers can put up requests for new connections. The company can also advertise its e-commerce websites by tying up with digital advertising and marketing companies and can offer special discounts and services to the customers who will put up requests for new connections using the e-commerce website. Optus can also boost up its mobile phone sales by offering mobile phones and Optus telephone connections at discounted rates and special prices to its online customers (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE, n.d.). Optus can also include a section in the e-commerce website where the customers can chat with customer care representatives using live chat support so that they can get answers to their queries which are unsolved or if they are not being able to manage their account properly using the e-commerce customer account. Such a service will make it easier for the company to serve the clients and provide solutions to their problems as quickly as possible. Conclusion Knowledge management and e-commerce business model can go hand-in-hand and can offer a great number of benefits to Optus. Knowledge management will help the company in properly managing the available information and taking the right business decisions at the right time while an e-commerce business model will help the company in increasing its reach in the market and offering better services to the customers. Thus, the company should design and implement knowledge management systems as well as start an e-commerce website to strengthen its business and achieve market competencies. Bibliography Optus. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from www.optus.com.au: https://www.optus.com.au/about Hislop, D. (2013). Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. (2013). Handbook on Knowledge Management 1: Knowledge Matters (Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Andam, Z. R. (2014). e-Commerce and e-Business. Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., S.Jagannath, Chahar, D. D. (2013). Analysis of E-Commerce and M-Commerce: Advantages, Limitations and Security issues . International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(6). Meihami, B., Meihami, H. (2014). Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies) . International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences(14). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from www.esalestrack.com: https://www.esalestrack.com/blog/2008/09/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

Marriage In Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essays -

Marriage In Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales demonstrate many different attitudes toward and perceptions of marriage. Some of these ideas are very traditional, such as that discussed in the Franklin's Tale, and others are more liberal such as the marriages portrayed in the Miller's and the Wife of Bath's Tales. While several of these tales are rather comical, they do indeed give us a representation of the attitudes toward marriage at that time in history. D.W. Robertson, Jr. calls marriage the solution to the problem of love, the force which directs the will which is in turn the source of moral action (Andrew, 88). Marriage in Chaucer's time meant a union between spirit and flesh and was thus part of the marriage between Christ and the Church (88). The Canterbury Tales show many abuses of this sacred bond, as will be discussed below. For example, the Miller's Tale is a story of adultery in which a lecherous clerk, a vain clerk and an old husband, whose outcome shows the consequences of their abuses of marriage, including Nicholas' interest in astrology and Absalon's refusal to accept offerings from the ladies, as well as the behaviors of both with regards to Alison. Still, Alison does what she wants, she takes Nicholas because she wants to, just as she ignores Absalon because she wants to. Lines 3290-3295 of the Miller's Tale show Alison's blatant disrespect for her marriage to Old John and her planned deceit: That she hir love hym graunted atte laste, And swoor hir ooth, by seint Thomas of Kent That she wol been at his comandment, Whan that she may hir leyser wel espie. Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousie That but ye wayte wel and been privee... On the contrary, Alison's husband loved her more than his own life, although he felt foolish for marrying her since she was so young and skittish. This led him to keep a close watch on her whenever possible. The Miller's main point in his story is that if a man gets what he wants from God or from his wife, he won't ask questions or become jealous; he is after his own sexual pleasure and doesn't concern himself with how his wife uses her privetee: An housbonde shal nat been inquisityf Of Goddes pryvetee, nor of his wyf. So he may fynde Goddes foyson there, Of the remenant nedeth nat enquere. (Miller's Prologue 3163-3166) Stories like the Miller's Tale are still popular today, those which claim that jealousy and infidelity arise from marriages between old men and beautiful young women. The Wife of Bath obviously has a rather carefree attitude toward marriage. She knows that the woes of marriage are not inflicted upon women, rather, women inflict these woes upon their husbands. In setting forth her views of marriage, however, she actually proves that the opposite is true: Experience, though noon auctoritee Were in this world, is right ynough for me To speke of wo that is in mariage... (W of Bath's Prologue. 1-3) The Wife of Bath, in her Prologue, proves to her own satisfaction that the Miller's perception of marriage is correct, and then declares that it is indeed acceptable for a woman to marry more than once. She claims that chastity is not necessary for a successful marriage and that virginity is never even mentioned in the Bible, as is seen in the lengthy passage of lines 59-72 of her prologue: Wher can ye seye in any manere age That hye God defended mariage By expres word? I praye yow, telleth me. Or where comanded he virginitee? I woot as wel as ye, it is no drede, Th'apostl, whan he speketh of maydenhede, He seyde that precept therof hadde he noon: Men may conseille a womman to been oon, But conseillyng is no comandement. He putte it in oure owene juggement. For hadde God comanded maydenhede Thanne hadde he dampned wedding with the dede; And certes, if ther were no seed ysowe, Virginitee, thanne whereof sholde it growe? She later asks where virginity would come from if no one gave up their virginity. Clearly, the Wife of Bath's Prologue is largely an argument in defense of her